Immune cells and RBCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells: method, progress, prospective challenges.

Blood has an important role in the healthcare system, particularly in blood transfusions and immunotherapy. However, the occurrence of outbreaks of infectious diseases worldwide and seasonal fluctuations, blood shortages are becoming a major challenge. Moreover, the narrow specificity of immune cells hinders the widespread application of immune cell therapy. To address this issue, researchers are actively developing strategies for differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into blood cells in vitro. The establishment of iPSCs from terminally differentiated cells such as fibroblasts and blood cells is a straightforward process. However, there is need for further refinement of the protocols for differentiating iPSCs into immune cells and red blood cells to ensure their clinical applicability. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the strategies and challenges facing the generation of iPSC-derived immune cells and red blood cells.

An antibody that confers plant disease resistance targets a membrane-bound glyoxal oxidase in Fusarium.

Plant germplasm resources with natural resistance against globally important toxigenic Fusarium are inadequate. CWP2, a Fusarium genus-specific antibody, confers durable resistance to different Fusarium pathogens that infect cereals and other crops, producing mycotoxins. However, the nature of the CWP2 target is not known. Thus, investigation of the gene coding for the CWP2 antibody target will likely provide critical insights into the mechanism underlying the resistance mediated by this disease-resistance antibody. Immunoblots and mass spectrometry analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis gels containing cell wall proteins from Fusarium graminearum (Fg) revealed that a glyoxal oxidase (GLX) is the CWP2 antigen. Cellular localization studies showed that GLX is localized to the plasma membrane. This GLX efficiently catalyzes hydrogen peroxide production; this enzymatic activity was specifically inhibited by the CWP2 antibody. GLX-deletion strains of Fg, F. verticillioides (Fv) and F. oxysporum had significantly reduced virulence on plants. The GLX-deletion Fg and Fv strains had markedly reduced mycotoxin accumulation, and the expression of key genes in mycotoxin metabolism was downregulated. This study reveals a single gene-encoded and highly conserved cellular surface antigen that is specifically recognized by the disease-resistance antibody CWP2 and regulates both virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis in Fusarium species.

Horsfiequinones A-F, dimeric diarylpropanoids from Horsfieldia tetratepala.

A new diarylpropanoid, horsfiequinone A (1), and five new dimeric diarylpropanoids with 1,4-p-benzoquinone residue, horsfiequinones B-F (2-6), along with a known compound, combrequinone B (7), were isolated from Horsfieldia tetratepala. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis. Horsfiequinones B-F (2-6), isolated as enantiomer mixtures with unequal proportions, were verified by analysis on a chiral OD-H HPLC column. Cytotoxicity evaluation against five human tumor lines showed selective inhibitory effects on HL-60 for several compounds tested with IC50 values ranging from 3.18 ± 0.67 to 6.61 ± 0.08 µM.

1-(4-Chloro-phen-yl)-3-(morpholin-4-yl)urea.

In the title mol-ecule, C(11)H(14)ClN(3)O(2), the morpholine ring has a chair conformation. In the crystal, pairs of mol-ecules are linked into inversion dimers by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

(E)-N'-(2-Fluoro-benzyl-idene)furan-2-carbohydrazide.

The title compound, C(12)H(9)FN(2)O(2), was prepared by the reaction of 2-fluoro-benzaldehyde and furan-2-carbohydrazide. The furan ring is disordered over two sets of sites with refined occupancies of 0.60 (3):0.40 (3). The major and minor components of the furan ring make dihedral angles of 51.9 (6) and 38.0 (10)°, respectively, with the benzene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via bifurcated N-H⋯O(N) hydrogen bonds into chains along [001].

Ethyl 3-benzyl-idenecarbazate.

In the title compound, C(10)H(12)N(2)O(2), the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the aromatic ring and the side chain (r.m.s. deviation = 0.035 Å) is 18.23 (13)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating C(4) amide chains propagating in [010].

N'-(4-Chloro-benzyl-idene)furan-2-carbohydrazide monohydrate.

In the title compound, C(12)H(9)ClN(2)O(2)·H(2)O, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 13.9 (2)° and an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs. In the crystal structure, the components are linked by N-H⋯O, O-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

N'-(4-Bromo-benzyl-idene)thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(12)H(9)BrN(2)OS, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 10.0 (2)°. In the crystal structure, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur, generating R(2) (2)(8) loops. Weak aromatic π-π stacking [centroid-centroid separations = 3.825 (3) and 3.866 (3) Å] also occurs.

N'-(4-Chloro-benzyl-idene)thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(12)H(9)ClN(2)OS, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 9.78 (11)°. In the crystal structure, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur, generating R(2) (2)(8) loops. Weak aromatic π-π stacking [centroid-centroid separations = 3.7210 (15) and 3.8706 (15) Å] also occurs.

N'-[(5-Methyl-2-fur-yl)methyl-ene]thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(11)H(10)N(2)O(2)S, the dihedral angle between the five-membered aromatic rings is 10.24 (12)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked by bifurcated N-H⋯(O,N) hydrogen bonds, generating [001] chains.

N'-(4-Hy-droxy-benzyl-idene)thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(12)H(10)N(2)O(2)S, the dihedral angle between the benzene and thio-phene rings is 23.34 (16)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming (100) sheets.

N'-[1-(2-Hy-droxy-phen-yl)ethyl-idene]thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide.

The title compound, C(13)H(12)N(2)O(2)S, was prepared by the reaction of 1-(2-hy-droxy-phen-yl)ethanone and thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide. The dihedral angle between the benzene and thio-phene rings is 10.07 (17)°. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond may influence the mol-ecular conformation. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains along [010].

N'-Benzyl-idene-thio-phene-2-carbohydrazide.

In the title compound, C(12)H(10)N(2)OS, the dihedral angle between the phenyl and thio-phene rings is 10.2 (3)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R(2) (2)(8) loops.

N'-(1-Phenyl-ethyl-idene)isonicotinohydrazide.

The title compound, C(14)H(13)N(3)O, was prepared from hypnone and isoniazid. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 12.21 (2)°. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains propagating in [001] and C-H⋯O inter-actions consolidate the packing.

N-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-1-carbothio-amide.

The title compound, C(11)H(14)N(2)S, was prepared by the reaction of 1-isothio-cyanato-benzene and pyrrolidine. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular N-H⋯S inter-actions are present.